Types of Computer Networks
The most common types of Computer Networks are:
• LAN
• MAN
• WAN

LAN (Local Area Network)

Local Area Network is usually a small network constrained to a small geographic area. An example of a LAN would be a computer network within a building.

LAN Design
Ethernet
When we talk about a LAN, Ethernet is the most popular physical layer LAN technology today. Its standard is

Local Area Network

For half-duplex Ethernet 10BaseT topologies, data transmissions occur in one direction at a time, leading to frequent collisions and data retransmission. In contrast, full-duplex devices use separate circuits for transmitting and receiving data and as a result, collisions are largely avoided. A collision is when two nodes are trying to send data at the same time. On an Ethernet network, the node will stop sending when it detects a collision, and will wait for a random amount of time before attempting to resend, known as a jam signal. Also, with full-duplex transmissions the available bandwidth is effectively doubled, as we are using both directions simultaneously. You MUST remember: to enjoy full-duplex transmission, we need a switch port, not a hub, and NICs that are capable of handling full duplex. Ethernets media access control method is called Carrier sense multiple access/ collision dectect (CSMA/CD). Because of Ethernets collision habits it is also known as the best effort delivery system. Ethernet cannot carry data over 1518 bytes, anything over that is broken down into. Travel size packets.

Fast Ethernet
For networks that need higher transmission speeds, there is the Fast Ethernet standard called IEEE 802.3u that raises the Ethernet speed limit to 100 Mbps! Of course, we need new cabling to support this high speed. In 10BaseT network we use Cat3 cable, but in 100BaseT network we need Cat 5 cables. The three types of Fast Ethernet standards are 100BASE-TX for use with level 5 UTP cable, 100BASE-FX for use with fiber-optic cable, and 100BASE-T4 which utilizes an extra two wires for use with level 3 UTP cable.

Gigabit Ethernet
Gigabit Ethernet is an emerging technology that will provide transmission speeds of 1000mbps. It is defined by the IEEE standard The 1000BASE-X (IEEE 802.3z). Just like all other 802.3 transmission types, it uses Ethernet frame format, full-duplex and media access control technology.

Token Ring
Token Ring is an older standard that isn’t very widely used anymore as most have migrated to some form of Ethernet or other advanced technology. Ring topologies can have transmission rates of either 4 or 16mbps. Token passing is the access method used by token ring networks, whereby, a 3bit packet called a token is passed around the network. A computer that wishes to transmit must wait until it can take control of the token, allowing only one computer to transmit at a time. This method of communication aims to prevent collisions. Token Ring networks use multistation access units (MSAUs) instead of hubs on an Ethernet network.

MAN (Metropolitan Area Network)

A metropolitan area network (MAN) is a network that interconnects users with computer resources in a geographic area or region larger than that covered by even a large local area network (LAN) but smaller than the area covered by a wide area network (WAN). It might cover a

Metropolitan Area Network

WAN (Wide Area Network)

The term Wide Area Network (WAN) usually refers to a network which covers a large geographical area, and use communications circuits to

Wide Area Network

WAN Protocols
In general, there are three broad types of WAN access technology. With Leased Lines, we have point-to-point dedicated connection that uses pre-established WAN path provided by the ISP. With Circuit Switching such as ISDN, a dedicated circuit path exist only for the duration of the call. Compare to traditional phone service, ISDN is more reliable and is faster. With Packet Switching, all network devices share a single point-to-point link to transport packets across the carrier network – this is known as virtual circuits.

When we talk about Customer premises equipment(CPE), we are referring to devices physically located at the subscriber?s location. Demarcation is the place where the CPE ends and the local loop begins. A Central Office(CO) has switching facility that provides point of presence for its service. Data Terminal Equipment(DTE) are devices where the switching application resides, and Date Circuit-terminating Equipment(DCE) are devices that convert user data from the DTE into the appropriate WAN protocol. A router is a DTE, while a DSU/CSU device or modem are often being referred to as DCEs.

Some more types of Networks

• Peer to Peer - A peer to peer network is one in which lacks a dedicated server and every computer acts as both a client and a server. This is a good networking solution when there are 10 or less users that are in close proximity to each other. A peer to peer network can be a security nightmare, because the people setting permissions for shared resources will be users rather than administrators and the right people may not have access to the right resources. More importantly the wrong people may have access to the wrong resources, thus, this is only recommended in situations where security is not an issue.

• Client/Server - This type of network is designed to support a large number of users and uses dedicated server/s to accomplish this. Clients log in to the server/s in order to run applications or obtain files. Security and permissions can be managed by 1 or more administrators which cuts down on network users medling with things that they shouldn’t be. This type of network also allows for convenient backup services, reduces network traffic and provides a host of other services that comes with the network operating system(NOS).

• Centralized - This is also a client/server based model that is most often seen in UNIX environments, but the clients are “dumb terminals”. This means that the client may not have a floppy drive, hard disk or CDROM and all applications and processing occur on the server/s. As you can imagine, this requires fast and expensive server/s. Security is very high on this type of network.

Peer to Peer Network

Client/Server Network

Centralized Server Network

Sir Isaac Newton

Newton’s Law of Motions
Newton gives the famous three laws of motion:

Newton's First Law of Motion

• Newton’s First Law of Motion is also known as the Law of Inertia. The Newton’s first law of motion states that an object at rest tends to stay at rest and that an object in uniform motion tends to stay in uniform motion unless acted upon by a net external force.

• Newton’s Second Law of Motion states that an applied force, , on an object equals the rate of change of its momentum, , with time. Mathematically, this is expressed as

Since the second law applies to an object with constant mass (dm/dt = 0), the first term vanishes, and by substitution using the definition of acceleration, the equation can be written in the iconic form

The first and second laws represent a break with the physics of Aristotle, in which it was believed that a force was necessary in order to maintain motion. They state that a force is only needed

Newton's Second Law of Motion

• Newton’s Third Law of Motion states that for every action there is an equal and opposite reaction. This means that any force exerted onto an object has a counterpart force that is exerted in the opposite direction back onto the first object. A common example is of

Newton's Third Law of Motion

Classical mechanics

Newton’s Second Law

History Fundamental concepts Time • Mass • Force Energy • Momentum Formulations Newtonian mechanics Lagrangian mechanics Hamiltonian mechanics Branches Statics Dynamics Kinematics Applied mechanics Celestial mechanics Continuum mechanics Statistical mechanics Scientists Isaac Newton • Jeremiah Horrocks • Leonhard Euler • Jean le Rond d’Alembert • Alexis Clairaut Joseph Louis Lagrange • Pierre-Simon Laplace • William Rowan Hamilton • Siméon-Denis Poisson

Newton’s Apple Story
According to the well-known story, In the year 1666 he (Isaac Newton) retired again from Cambridge to his mother in Lincolnshire. Whilst he was pensively meandering in a garden it came into his thought that the power of gravity (which brought an apple from a tree to the ground) was not limited to a certain distance from earth, but that this power must

The Famous Newton's Apple story

Newton conceived that the same force governed the motion of the Moon and the apple. He calculated the force needed to hold the Moon in its orbit, as compared with the force pulling an object to the ground. He also calculated the centripetal force needed to hold a stone in a sling, and the relation between the length of a pendulum and the time of its swing. These early explorations were not soon exploited by Newton, though he studied astronomy and the problems of planetary motion.
Correspondence with Hooke (1679-1680) redirected Newton to the problem of the path of a body subjected to a centrally directed force that varies as the inverse square of the distance; he determined it to be an ellipse, so informing Edmond Halley in August 1684. Halley’s interest led Newton to demonstrate the relationship afresh, to compose a brief tract on mechanics, and finally to write the Principia.

Newton’s Religious Views
Historian Stephen D. Snobelen says of Newton, “Isaac Newton was a heretic. But … he never made a public declaration of his private faith — which the orthodox would have deemed extremely radical. In a view disputed by Snobelen, T.C. Pfizenmaier argues that Newton held the Eastern Orthodox view of the Trinity rather than the Western one held by Roman Catholics, Anglicans, and most Protestants.
Although Newton’s novel idea of 1666 was to imagine that the Earth’s gravity influenced the Moon, counter- balancing its centrifugal force. From his law of centrifugal force and Kepler’s third law of planetary motion, Newton deduced the inverse-square law.
In 1679 Newton corresponded with Hooke who had written to Newton claiming:-
… that the Attraction always is in a duplicate proportion to the Distance from the Center Reciprocall …
Newton also wrote on Judaeo-Christian prophecy, whose decipherment was essential, he thought, to the understanding of God. His book on the subject, which was reprinted well into the Victorian Age, represented lifelong study. Its message was that Christianity went astray in the 4th century AD, when the first Council of Nicaea propounded erroneous doctrines of the nature of Christ. The full extent of Newton’s unorthodoxy was recognized only in the present century: but although a critic of accepted Trinitarian dogmas and the Council of Nicaea, he possessed a deep religious sense, venerated the Bible and accepted its account of creation. In late editions of his scientific works he expressed a strong sense of God’s providential role in nature. Thus, the ordered and dynamically informed Universe could be understood, and must be understood, by an active reason. He saw evidence of design in the system of the world: “Such a wonderful uniformity in the planetary system must be allowed the effect of choice”. But Newton insisted that divine intervention would eventually be required to reform the system, due to the slow growth of instabilities. For this Leibniz lampooned him: “God Almighty wants to wind up his watch from time to time: otherwise it would cease to move. He had not, it seems, sufficient foresight to make it a perpetual motion.” Newton’s position was vigorously defended by his follower Samuel Clarke in a famous correspondence.

Some Other Achievments
In 1672 Newton was elected a fellow of the Royal Society after donating a reflecting telescope. Also in 1672 Newton published his first scientific paper on light and colour in the Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society. The paper was generally well received but Hooke and Huygens objected to Newton’s attempt to prove, by experiment alone, that light consists of the motion of small particles rather than waves. The reception that his publication received did nothing to improve Newton’s

Sir Isaac Newton- The Great Scientist

• investigations of the colours of thin sheets
• ‘Newton’s rings’ and
• diffraction of light.

Newton published an edition of Geographia generalis by the German geographer Varenius in 1672. His own letters on optics appeared in print from 1672 to 1676. Then he published nothing until the Principia (published in Latin in 1687; revised in 1713 and 1726; and translated into English in 1729). This was followed by Opticks in 1704; a revised edition in Latin appeared in 1706. Posthumously published writings include The Chronology of Ancient Kingdoms Amended (1728), The System of the World (1728), the first draft of Book III of the Principia, and Observations upon the Prophecies of Daniel and the Apocalypse of St John (1733). In a manuscript he wrote in 1704 in which he describes his attempts to extract scientific information from the Bible, he estimated that the world would end no earlier than 2060. In predicting this he said, “This I mention not to assert when the time of the end shall be, but to put a stop to the rash conjectures of fanciful men who are frequently predicting the time of the end, and by doing so bring the sacred prophesies into discredit as often as their predictions fail.”
Some more writings by Sir Isaac Newton are:
• Method of Fluxions (1671)
• Of Natures Obvious Laws & Processes in Vegetation (unpublished, c. 1671–75)
• De Motu Corporum in Gyrum (1684)
• Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica (1687)
• Opticks (1704)
• Reports as Master of the Mint (1701–25)
• Arithmetica Universalis (1707)
• The System of the World, Optical Lectures, The Chronology of Ancient Kingdoms, (Amended) and De mundi systemate (published posthumously in 1728)
• Observations on Daniel and The Apocalypse of St. John (1733)
• An Historical Account of Two Notable Corruptions of Scripture (1754)

Newton remains influential to scientists, as demonstrated by a 2005 survey of members of Britain’s Royal Society (formerly headed by Newton) asking who had the greater effect on the history of science, Newton or Albert Einstein. Royal Society scientists deemed Newton to have made the greater overall contribution. In 1999, leading physicists from all over the world voted Einstein “greatest physicist ever;” Newton was the runner-up.

Sir Isaac Newton’s Death
On March 31, 1727 at [OS: 20 March 1727] at the age of 84 in Kensington, Middlesex, England this great scientist takes his last breath.

Sir Isaac Newton’s Quotes

• If I have seen further it is by standing on the shoulders of giants.

• Tact is the knack of making a point without making an enemy.

• I keep the subject of my inquiry constantly before me, and wait till the first dawning opens gradually, by little and little, into a full and clear light.

• To me there has never been a higher source of earthly honor or distinction than that connected with advances in science.

• We build too many walls and not enough bridges.

• I can calculate the motion of heavenly bodies, but not the madness of people.

• If I have ever made any valuable discoveries, it has been owing more to patient attention, than to any other talent.

• No great discovery was ever made without a bold guess

• A man may imagine things that are false, but he can only understand things that are true, for if the things be false, the apprehension of them is not understanding.

• I am ashamed to tell you to how many figures I carried these computations, having no other business at the time.

• We are to admit no more causes of natural things than such as are both true and sufficient to explain their appearances.

• We are to admit no more causes of natural things than such as are both true and sufficient to explain their appearances.

• I do not know what I may appear to the world, but to myself I seem to have been only a boy playing on the sea-shore, and diverting myself in now and then finding a smoother pebble or a prettier shell than ordinary, whilst the great ocean of truth lay all undiscovered before me.

• It is the weight, not numbers of experiments that is to be regarded.

• About the Time of the End, a body of men will be raised up who will turn their attention to the Prophecies, and insist upon their literal interpretation, in the midst of much clamor and opposition

• Errors are not in the art but in the artificers.

• Oh Diamond! Diamond! Thou little knowest the mischief done! (Said to a pet dog who knocked over a candle and set fire to his papers

• Yet one thing secures us what ever betide,/ The scriptures assures us the Lord will provide.

Computer

Data–>Capture Data–>Manipulate Data–>Output Results–>Information

Evolution of Computer

• Blaise Pascal invented the first mechanical adding machine in 1642.
• Baron Gottfried Wilhelm von Leibniz invented the first calculator for multiplication in 1671.
• Keyboard machines originated in the United States around 1880.
• Around 1880, Herman Hollerith came up with the concept of punched cards that were extensively used as input media until late 1970s.
• Charles Babbage is considered to be the father of modern digital computers.
• He designed “Difference Engine” in 1822.
• He designed a fullyautomatic analytical engine in 1842 for performing basic arithmetic functions.
• His efforts established a number of principles that are fundamental to the design of any digital computer.

Characteristics of Computers

• Automatic: Given a job, computer can work on it automatically without human interventions.
• Speed: Computer can perform data processing jobs very fast, usually measured in microseconds(10-6), nanoseconds(10-9), and picoseconds(10-12).
• Accuracy: Accuracy of a computer is consistently high and the degree of its accuracy depends upon its design. Computer errors caused due to incorrect input data or unreliable programs are often referred to as Garbage-In-Garbage-Out (GIGO).
• Diligence: Computer is free from monotony, tiredness, and lack of concentration. It can continuously work for hours without creating any error and without grumbling.
• Versatility: Computer is capable of performing almost any task, if the task can be reduced to a finite series of logical steps.
• Power of Remembering: Computer can store and recall any amount of information because of its secondary storage capability. It forgets or looses certain information only when it is asked to do so.
• No I.Q.: A computer does only what it is programmed to do. It cannot take its own decision in this regard.
No Feelings: Computers are devoid of emotions. Their judgementis based on the instructions given to them in the form of programs that are written by us (human beings).

Some Well Known Early Computer
• The Mark I Computer (1937-44)
• The Atanasoff-Berry Computer (1939-42)
• The ENIAC (1943-46)
• The EDVAC (1946-52)
• The EDSAC (1947-49)
• Manchester Mark I (1948)
• The UNIVAC I (1951)

“Generation” in computer talk is a step in technology. It provides a framework for the growth of computer industry. Originally it was used to distinguish between various hardware technologies, but now it has been extended to include both hardware and software. Till today, there are five computer generations.

First Generation of Computers

Second Generation of Computers

Third Generation of Computers

Fourth Generation of Computers

Fifth Generation of Computers

Electronic Devices Used in Computers of Different Generation

IC Chips

Vacuum Tube

Transistor

Albert Einstein

Albert Einstein received honorary doctorate degrees in science, medicine and philosophy from many European and American universities. During the 1920’s he lectured in Europe, America and the Far East and he was awarded Fellowships or Memberships of all the leading scientific academies throughout the world. He gained numerous awards in recognition of his work, including the Copley Medal of the Royal Society of London in 1925, and the Franklin Medal of the Franklin Institute in 1935.
In 1898, Einstein met and fell in love with Mileva Maric, a Serbian classmate (and friend of Nikola Tesla). Einstein and Marić married in January 1903. Einstein and Mileva Marić had a daughter they called Lieserl in their correspondence, born in January, 1902 in Novi Sad where the parents of Mileva lived. Lieserl, at the time, was considered illegitimate because the parents were unwed. In May 1904 the couple’s first son, Hans Albert Einstein, was born in Bern, Switzerland. Their second son, Eduard, was born in Zurich in July 1910. Marić and Einstein divorced on 14 February 1919 in the same year he married his cousin, Elsa Löwenthal, who died in 1936.

Albert Einstein- Scientific Career
Albert Einstein was one of the greatest minds in world history. Einstein is known as a brilliant physicist who contributed more to the scientific world than any other person. Albert is widely regarded as the greatest scientist of the 20th century. Einstein is best known for his theories of special relativity and general relativity. He received the 1921 Nobel Prize in Physics “for his services to Theoretical Physics, and especially for his discovery of the law of the photoelectric effect.” One story Einstein liked to tell about his childhood was of a wonder he saw when he was four or five years old: a magnetic compass. The needle’s invariable northward swing, guided by an invisible force, profoundly impressed the child. The compass convinced him that there had to be “something behind things, something deeply hidden.” Einstein published more than 300 scientific and over 150 non-scientific works. He is often regarded as the father of modern physics.

Albert Einstein with Family

Einstein’s theories on relativity paved the way for how science currently views time, space, energy, and gravity. Einstein was so advanced in his thinking that his studies and work set the standards for the control of scientific energy and space explorations currently being studied in the field of astrophysics.
His first article in 1905, named “On the Motion—Required by the Molecular Kinetic Theory of Heat—of Small Particles Suspended in a Stationary Liquid”, covered his study of Brownian motion. Using the then-controversial kinetic theory of fluids, it established that the phenomenon, which still lacked a satisfactory explanation decades after it was first observed, provided empirical evidence for the reality of atoms. It also lent credence to statistical mechanics, which was also controversial at the time. During his stay at the Patent Office, and in his spare time, he produced much of his remarkable work and in 1908 he was appointed Privatdozent in Berne. In 1909 he became Professor Extraordinary at Zurich, in 1911 Professor of Theoretical Physics at Prague, returning to Zurich in the following year to fill a similar post. In 1914 he was appointed Director of the Kaiser Wilhelm Physical Institute and Professor in the University of Berlin. Einstein thought about the nature of the gravitational field in the years 1909–1912, studying its properties by means of simple thought experiments. A notable one is the rotating disk. Einstein imagined an observer making experiments on a rotating turntable. He noted that such an observer would find a different value for the mathematical constant pi than the one predicted by Euclidean geometry. The reason is that the radius of a circle would be measured with an uncontracted ruler, but according to special relativity, the circumference would seem to be longer, because the ruler would be contracted.
Since Einstein believed that the laws of physics were local, described by local fields, he concluded from this that spacetime could be locally curved. This led him to study Riemannian geometry, and to formulate general relativity in this language.
In 1912, Einstein returned to Switzerland to accept a professorship at his alma mater, the ETH. Once back in Zurich, he immediately visited his old ETH classmate Marcel Grossmann, now a professor of mathematics, who introduced him to Riemannian geometry and, more generally, to differential geometry. On the recommendation of Italian mathematician Tullio Levi-Civita, Einstein began exploring the usefulness of general covariance (essentially the use of tensors) for his gravitational theory. For a while Einstein thought that there were problems with the approach, but he later returned to it and, by late 1915, had published his general theory of relativity in the form in which it is used today. This theory explains gravitation as distortion of the structure of spacetime by matter, affecting the inertial motion of other matter. During World War I, the work of Central Powers scientists was available only to Central Powers academics, for national security reasons. Some of Einstein’s work did reach the United Kingdom and the United States through the efforts of the Austrian Paul Ehrenfest and physicists in the Netherlands, especially 1902 Nobel Prize-winner Hendrik Lorentz and Willem de Sitter of Leiden University. After the war ended, Einstein maintained his relationship with Leiden University, accepting a contract as an Extraordinary Professor; for ten years, from 1920 to 1930, he travelled to Holland regularly to lecture. In 1933, he joined the staff of the newly created Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton, New Jersey. He accepted this position for life, living there until his death. Einstein is probably familiar to most people for his mathematical equation about the nature of energy, E = MC2.
The idea of light quanta contradicted the wave theory of light that followed naturally from James Clerk Maxwell’s equations for electromagnetic behaviour and, more generally, the assumption of infinite divisibility of energy in physical systems. Even after experiments showed that Einstein’s equations for the photoelectric effect were accurate, his explanation was not universally accepted. However, by 1921, when he was awarded the Nobel Prize and his work on photoelectricity was mentioned by name in the award citation, most physicists thought that the equation (hf = Φ + Ek) was correct and light quanta were possible.
The theory of light quanta was a strong indication of wave-particle duality, the concept, used as a fundamental principle by the creators of quantum mechanics, that physical systems can display both wave-like and particle-like properties. A complete picture of the photoelectric effect was only obtained after the maturity of quantum mechanics.
In 1935, Einstein returned to the question of quantum mechanics. He considered how a measurement on one of two entangled particles would affect the other. He noted, along with his collaborators, that by performing different measurements on the distant particle, either of position or momentum, different properties of the entangled partner could be discovered without disturbing it in any way.
He then used a hypothesis of local realism to conclude that the other particle had these properties already determined. The principle he proposed is that if it is possible to determine what the answer to a position or momentum measurement would be, without in any way disturbing the particle, then the particle actually has values of position or momentum.
This principle distilled the essence of Einstein’s objection to quantum mechanics. As a physical principle, it has since been shown to be incompatible with experiments. Possibly, Albert Einstein’s most famous writing was a letter to President Franklin D. Roosevelt on August 2, 1939. In his letter, he warned of the possibility of Germany building an atomic bomb and urged the President to do nuclear research and complete the bomb before the Germans did. Albert wrote the letter as a result of a request from a friend, Leo Szilard. Szilard had become alarmed after the discovery of uranium fission. Szilard also asked Einstein to warn the Belgian Queen Mother. At the time of this request in 1939, most American physicists doubted that atomic energy or atomic bombs were a possibility. Although not a well-known fact, there was two letters written and signed by Einstein to send to President Roosevelt . There was a short version and a long version. Einstein preferred the long version and so that was the one that was finally delivered to the President. The letter did not have much impact and World War II began on September 1, 1939.
The theory of general relativity has two fundamental laws – the Einstein equations which describe how space curves, and the geodesic equation which describes how particles move.
Since the equations of general relativity are non-linear, a lump of energy made out of pure gravitational fields, like a black hole, would move on a trajectory which is determined by the Einstein equations themselves, not by a new law. So Einstein proposed that the path of a singular solution, like a black hole, would be determined to be a geodesic from general relativity itself.

Albert Einstein

This was established by Einstein, Infeld and Hoffmann for pointlike objects without angular momentum, and by Roy Kerr for spinning objects.

Politics and Religious Views
Throughout the November Revolution in Germany Einstein signed an appeal for the foundation of a nationwide liberal and democratic party, hich was published in the Berliner Tageblatt on 16 November 1918, and became a member of the German Democratic Party. He participated in the 1927 congress of the League against Imperialism in Brussels. After World War II, as enmity between the former allies became a serious issue, Einstein wrote, “I do not know how the third World War will be fought, but I can tell you what they will use in the Fourth – rocks!” In a 1949 Monthly Review article entitled “Why Socialism?” Albert Einstein described a chaotic capitalist society, a source of evil to be overcome, as the “predatory phase of human development” (Einstein 1949). With Albert Schweitzer and Bertrand Russell, Einstein lobbied to stop nuclear testing and future bombs. Days before his death, Einstein signed the Russell-Einstein Manifesto, which led to the Pugwash Conferences on Science and World Affairs. Einstein was a member of several civil rights groups, including the Princeton chapter of the NAACP. When the aged W. E. B. Du Bois was accused of being a Communist spy, Einstein volunteered as a character witness, and the case was dismissed shortly afterward. Einstein’s friendship with activist Paul Robeson, with whom he served as co-chair of the American Crusade to End Lynching, lasted twenty years.

Albert Einstein with Sister Maja

The question of scientific determinism gave rise to questions about Einstein’s position on theological determinism, and whether or not he believed in God, or in a god. In 1929, Einstein told Rabbi Herbert S. Goldstein “I believe in Spinoza’s God, who reveals Himself in the lawful harmony of the world, not in a God Who concerns Himself with the fate and the doings of mankind.”

Albert Einstein- Awards and Honors
In 1922, Einstein was awarded the 1921 Nobel Prize in Physics, “for his services to Theoretical Physics, and especially for his discovery of the law of the photoelectric effect”. It was long reported that Einstein gave the Nobel prize money directly to his first wife, Mileva Marić, in compliance with their 1919 divorce settlement. However, personal correspondence made public in 2006 shows that he invested much of it in the United States, and saw much of it wiped out in the Great Depression. Einstein traveled to New York City in the United States for the first time on 2 April, 1921. When asked where he got his scientific ideas, Einstein explained that he believed scientific work best proceeds from an examination of physical reality and a search for underlying axioms, with consistent explanations that apply in all instances and avoid contradicting each other. He also recommended theories with visualizable results (Einstein 1954). In 1999, Albert Einstein was named Person of the Century by Time magazine, a Gallup poll recorded him as the fourth most admired person of the 20th century in the U.S. and according to The 100: A Ranking of the Most Influential Persons in History, Einstein is “the greatest scientist of the twentieth century and one of the supreme intellects of all time.” Albert Einstein has been recognized many times over for his achievements. The International Union of Pure and Applied Physics named 2005 the “World Year of Physics” in commemoration of the 100th anniversary of the publication of the Annus Mirabilis Papers.
The chemical element 99, einsteinium, was named for him in August 1955, four months after Einstein’s death. 2001 Einstein is an inner main belt asteroid discovered on March 5, 1973.
The Albert Einstein Award (sometimes called the Albert Einstein Medal because it is accompanied with a gold medal) is an award in theoretical physics, that was established to recognize high achievement in the natural sciences. It was endowed by the Lewis and Rosa Strauss Memorial Fund in honor of Albert Einstein’s 70th birthday. It was first awarded in 1951 and included a prize money of $ 15,000, which was later reduced to $ 5,000. The Albert Einstein Peace Prize is an award that is given yearly by the Chicago, Illinois-based Albert Einstein Peace Prize Foundation. Winners of the prize receive $50,000. In 1990, his name was added to the Walhalla temple.

Albert Einstein Death
Albert Einstein’s gifts inevitably resulted in his dwelling much in intellectual solitude and, for relaxation, music played an important part in his life. On April 18, 1955 at Princeton, New Jersey this great Scientist was died.

Albert Einstein’s Quotes
• “A man should look for what is, and not for what he thinks should be”
• “A perfection of means, and confusion of aims, seems to be our main problem”
• “A person who never made a mistake never tried anything new”
• “A question that sometimes drives me hazy: am I or are the others crazy”

Albert Einstein at Beach

• “A table, a chair, a bowl of fruit and a violin; what else does a man need to be happy?”
• “All religions, arts and sciences are branches of the same tree”
• “All that is valuable in human society depends upon the opportunity for development accorded the individual”
• “All these primary impulses, not easily described in words, are the springs of man’s actions”
• “An empty stomach is not a good political adviser”
• “Anger dwells only in the bosom of fools”
• “Any fool can make things bigger, more complex, and more violent. It takes a touch of genius – and a lot of courage – to move in the opposite direction”
• “Any intelligent fool can make things bigger and more complex… It takes a touch of genius – and a lot of courage to move in the opposite direction”
• “Any man who can drive safely while kissing a pretty girl is simply not giving the kiss the attention it deserves”
• “Any man who reads too much and uses his own brain too little falls into lazy habits of thinking”
• “Anyone who doesn’t take truth seriously in small matters cannot be trusted in large ones either”
• “Anyone who has never made a mistake has never tried anything new”
• “As far as I’m concerned, I prefer silent vice to ostentatious virtue”
• “As far as the laws of mathematics refer to reality, they are not certain, and as far as they are certain, they do not refer to reality”
• “Before God we are all equally wise – and equally foolish”
• “Common sense is the collection of prejudices acquired by age eighteen”

Om asato ma sadgamaya,
Tamaso ma jyotir gamaya,
Mrityor ma amritam gamaya.

Meaning of this Maha-Mantra:
Lead us from falsehood to truth; from Darkness to light; from Death to immortality and from Lethargy to Activity.

DEEPAVALI or Diwali means “a row of lights”. Diwali or Deepavali (a row of lamps) is a significant festival in Hinduism, Buddhism, Sikhism, and Jainism, and an official holiday in India. For some it is a three-day festival. It commences with the Dhan-Teras, on the 13th day of the dark half of Kartik, followed the next day by the Narak Chaudas, the 14th day, and by Deepavali proper on the 15th day. It is also known as the festival of lights. They light diyas—cotton string wicks inserted in small clay pots filled with oil—to signify victory of good over the evil within an individual. This festival usually falls around late October and November. One important practice that the Hindus follow during the festival is to light oil lamps in their homes on Deepavali morning.
In Hinduism, across many parts of India and Nepal, it is the homecoming of Rama after a 14-year exile in the forest and his victory over Ravana. In the legend, the people of Ayodhya (the capital of his kingdom) welcomed Rama by lighting rows (avali) of lamps (dĭpa), thus its name: Dipavali. In South India, it marks the victory of Krishna over Narakasura. In Jainism, Diwali marks the attainment of nirvana by Mahavira in 527 BC. Diwali has been significant in Sikhism since the illumination of the town of Amritsar commemorating the return of Guru Har Gobind Ji (1595-1644), the sixth Guru of Sikhism, who was imprisoned along with 52 other Hindu kings at Fort Gwalior by Emperor Jahangir. After freeing the other prisoners, he went to the Harmandir Sahib (Golden Temple) in the holy city of Amritsar, where he was welcomed happily by the people who lit candles and divas to greet the Guru. Because of this, Sikhs often refer to Diwali also as Bandi Chhorh Divas – “the day of release of detainees.” The festival is also celebrated by Buddhists in Nepal, a majority-Hindu country, particularly the Newar Buddhists. For the Gujaratis, Marwaris and other business community Diwali marks the worship of Goddess Lakshmi and also the beginning of the new financial year.
For Bengalis, it is the time to worship Goddess Kali or Durga. The Goddess Durga continued her “Vilaya Tandava” even after killing demon Mahishasura.

Deepavali Messages

According to Vedic culture the message of Asato ma sad gamaya (lead us from falsehood to Truth) through the parva of Shravani; of Mrityorma amritam gamaya (from death to immortality) through the parva of Vijaydashami; of Tamaso ma jyotir gamaya (from darkness to light) through the parva of Deepavali; and of Alasyatma shrama gamaya (from lethargy to activity) through the parva of Holi, is conveyed to the masses.
Another message of the burning dias is to destroy the difference between rich and poor- the destruction of discrimination based on poverty and wealth. The burning dia, whether in a palatial bungalow or in a grass hut, is a symbol of this unity. The wall of separation based on economic status cannot prevent the penetration and spread of the light of the dia.
The third message of the burning diias of Deepavali is to kindle the extinguished lights of our neighbours. Let us find out what is needed- whether there is a shortage of wick or oil- and just by a little help the neighbour’s lamps can be lit. One dia can light several others. A little charity can bring joy to countless others.

Lakshmi Puja

Lakshmi Puja (30 Ashvin or 15 Krishna Paksha Ashvin): Lakshmi Puja marks the most important day of Diwali celebrations in North India. Hindu homes worship Lakshmi, the goddess of wealth, and Ganesh, the God of auspicious beginnings, and then light lamps all across the streets and homes to welcome prosperity and well-being.

DHAN TERAS

Dhan means “wealth” and Trayodashi means “13th day”. DHAN TERAS is a day on which Lakshmi-poojan (worship of the goddess of wealth) is performed. Sages gave to wealth the status of a holy mother. A person may well be wealthy today and could be dispossesed tomorrow. However, Lakshmi, the goddess of wealth is not fickle. Wealth gives a feeling of power. When used properly, it can benefit humanity. If misused, it could become a means of exploitation and a cause of misery.
The wealth is further elaborated into four categories:

1.A-LAKSHMI = misused wealth
2.VITTA-LAKSHMI = selfishly used wealth
3.LAKSHMI =charitably used wealth
4.MAHA-LAKSHMI = wealth used for God`s work

Narak Chaturdashi

Celebrated as Narak Chaturdashi, one day before Diwali day, it commemorates the killing of Narakasura, an evil demon who created havoc, by Krishna’s wife Satyabhama. This happened in the Dwapara Yuga during this time of Krishna’s avatar. In another version, the demon was killed by Krishna ( Krishna provokes his wife Satyabhama to kill Narshna defeating Indra: Govardhan Puja is celebrated the day after Diwali. It is the day Krishna defeated Indra, the deity of thunder and rain. As per the story, Krishna saw huge preparations for the annual offering to Lord Indra and questions his father Nanda about it. He debated with the villagers about what their ‘dharma’ truly was. They were farmers, they should do their duty and concentrate on farming and protection of their cattle. He continued to say that all human beings should merely do their ‘karma’, to the best of their ability and not pray for natural phenomenon. The villagers were convinced by Krishna, and did not proceed with the special puja (prayer). Indra was then angered, and flooded the village. Krishna then lifted Mt Govardhan and held it up as protection to his people and cattle from the rain. Indra finally accepted defeat and recognized Krishna as supreme. This aspect of Krishna’s life is mostly glossed over but it set up the basis of the ‘karma’ philosophy later detailed in the Bhagavat Gita.

Govardhan Puja

Bali Pratipada and Govardhan Puja (1 Kartika or 1 Shukla Paksha Kartika) : In North India, this day is celebrated as Govardhan Puja, also called Annakut, is celebrated as the day Krishna – an incaranation of god Vishnu – defeated god Indra and by the lifting of Govardhana hill to save his kinsmen and cattle from rain and floods. For Annakut, a mountain of food is decorated symbolizing Govardhan hill lifted by Krishna. In Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu and Karnataka, it is celebrated as Bali-Pratipada or Bali Padyami. The day commemorates the victory of Vishnu in his dwarf form Vamana over demon-king Bali, who was pushed to the nether world and the return of Bali to earth from the nether-world. In Maharashtra, it is called as Padava or Nava Diwas (”new day”). Men present gifts to their wives on this day. It is celebrated as the first day of the Vikram Samvat calender, in Gujarat.

Bhai Duj

Bhaiduj (also Bhayyaduj, Bhaubeej or Bhayitika) (2 Kartikaor 2 Shukla Paksha Kartika. This is a day on which all married sisters will invite their brothers for meals. The sisters will wish their brothers longevity, health, prosperity and happiness, thereby also renewing their affection. This festival is ancient, and pre-dates ‘Raksha Bandhan’ another brother-sister festival celebrated in the present day.

Celebrations of Deepavali

Preparation for Deepavali starts usually at least two to three weeks before the festival. It is known that the People will be busy cleaning their houses to prepare for the festival. Some would even renovate their houses to prepare it for Deepavali. Usually the family will shop for new clothes and for accessories to decorate their homes. Prior to the festival, shops will be selling festive items like Deepavali greeting cards, carpets, Punjabi suits and flowers. The People will frequent these shops when they are shopping for Deepavali. The people usually awake early in the morning of deepavali and the first ritual will be having an oil bath, which is an important feature of Deepavali. People will be dressed in their new clothes on Deepavali. Most of the ladies would be clad in silk saris or Punjabi suits of various bright shades. People particularly dislike dressing in black on that day, as they consider black an inauspicious color for the festival. People would also pay their respects to the elderly and most families would go to the temple after having breakfast. This is also an important practice for them. The reason why they would be going to the temples is to pray to get happiness and prosperity on Deepavali. The houses would be decorated with oil lamps and children will play with firecrackers to celebrate the festival. On the first day, they would not go visiting but would stay at home to welcome the guests who visit them.
Visiting at the home of knwon or relatives during Deepavali will be an interesting activity, as you will get to taste a wide variety of delicious food. In every home that you visit you are bound to be served with a tempting spread of sweets. Some of the popular sweets are halwa, Kaju burfi, laddu, Rasgulla and Gulab Jamun. People love eating spicy food and for non-vegetarians they indulge in favorites like chicken tandoori, prawn sambal and fish head curry. In homes of People who are vegetarians popular dishes like thosais, idlis and naans are prepared.

Concerns about firecrackers

Firecrackers and fireworks are popular on the eve of Diwali. Nowadays there is a significant growth in campaigns on creating awareness over the adverse impacts of noise and air pollution. Some governments drive to keep the festival less noisy and pollution-free. The Tamil Nadu Pollution Control Board has banned production of crackers with noise levels of over 125 decibels. In survey of UP Pollution Control Board, it was revealed that the emission of smoke was found more in the light illuminating fire crackers. Levels of SO2 (Sulphur dioxide) and RSPM (respirable suspended particulate matter) was found marginally higher on Diwali day. Crackers, which use large quantities of sulphur and paper, spew out sulphur dioxide and charcoal into the air, also lead and other metallic substances are suspended in the air causing respiratory problems. Considering these facts, bursting of crackers is prohibited in silent zones i.e. near hospitals, schools and courts.

Deepavali Dates

Diwali 2009 : Saturday, October 17
Diwali 2010 : Friday, November 5
Diwali 2011 : Wednesday, October 26
Diwali 2012 : Tuesday, November 13
Diwali 2013 : Sunday, November 3
Diwali 2014 : Thursday, October 23
Diwali 2015 : Wednesday, November 11
Diwali 2016 : Sunday, October 30
Diwali 2017 : Thursday, October 19
Diwali 2018 : Wednesday, November 7
Diwali 2019 : Sunday, October 27
Diwali 2020 : Saturday, November 14
Diwali 2021 : Thursday, November 4
Diwali 2022 : Monday, October 24

Diwali Images

Oasis of the Seas

Facilities provide in Oasis of the Seas Cruise
Passengers got all the facility they need and also the additional facility’s for the passengers by which they makes their journey a memorable Journey. In This cruise you will find anything you want for your enjoyment, fun, fitness etc. You will find on this cruise are:
• Central Park
• Board-Walk
• Fitness Center
• Swimming Pool and Sports zone
• Youth zone
• Rising Tide Bar

Central Park
This central park is for those people who loved the Nature. This park is in the shape of a Football and you can find more then 12,000 types of plants and trees in this park. The person who wants to read in this park for those people Reading Corner is available. Through Micro-Climate technology water and fertilizers provide to plants ad trees. In Central park you will also find the Chops Grill, Cafe and Italian restaurent also. So you can also enjoyed the Toasted Herbal Breads, Pizza, Pasta, Salad

ROYAL CARIBBEAN INTERNATIONAL OASIS OF THE SEAS

and Italian Sandwich to. You can also celebrate the Birthday and Anniversary Party here.

Board-Walk
With the capacity of 600 audience the Board walk have the Huge Aqua-Amphitheatre in which they will show the live music, fun themed events and also the Fountain show. In the Candy beach shop you can find more then 72 varities of candies.

Fitness Center
In fitness center there is steam rooms, sauna, beauty saloon and so many other facility will be provided.

Swimming Pool and Sports Zone
In this cruise there is 4 swimming pool and 10 whirlpool.

Oasis Pool Area

For generating the waves in pools Flow Rider Surf Simulator are used. These pools are based on Beach Theme. To give the feeling of sea the optical octopus and other sea features are visualize. And in the sports zone they provide Golf Course, Basket Ball and Volley Ball courts.

Youth- Zone
This zone as its name suggest for Youths. They can find all things they want for enjoyment and fun. And for kids there is Adventure Science Lab and Imagination Art Studio are also available.

Rising Tide Bar
The Rising Tide Bar will be designed Just like the waves in the sea. This Rising Tide Bar will be moved on the three floors of the cruise from top to bottom and bottom to top. With the very slow speed of movement inside in Rising Tide Bar Pessenger enjoyed their coctails and moved from Cruise Royal to Central Park.

Oasis Garden Cafe

Oasis Hotel

Oasis Backend

Loft Interior FullView

Gangotri Temple

Culture and Religion
Uttaranchal Society and Culture contains a significant cultural divide based on the two regions of the state including the Himalayan region of Garhwal and the hilly region of Kumaon. However, the state as a whole portrays a varied cultural heritage.
The rich cultural traditions of Uttaranchal sums up for a perfect holiday destination to relax and unwind. Uttranchal includes the districts of Chamoli, Dehradun, Haridwar, Pauri (Pauri Garhwal), Rudraprayag, Tehri (Tehri Garhwal), and Uttarkashi. The administrative center for Garhwal division is the town of Pauri. Garhwali is the main language of the state and is widely used in its colloquial form all around Uttaranchal. However, Hindi is used extensively in almost all the parts of the state. The religious, social and cultural urges of the people of Uttarakhand help in forming a colourful society and culture of Uttarakhand. This is viewed in different fairs and festivals of the state including the world famous Kumbh Mela and the Ardh Kumbh Mela held in Haridwar at an interval of 12 and 6 years respectively.

Uttaranchal- Heaven for Tourists and Pilgrimage
The natural beauty of Uttaranchal in India is awe-inspiring as mother nature has conferred it with abundant sources, which can not be described in words. With some top most hill attractions like Nainital, Mussoorie, Almora, Kausani, Bhimtal and Ranikhet, the state of Uttarakhand is placed as amongst one of the most frequented destinations of India. Besides, tiger reserves like Jim Corbett National Park (the oldest national park of India) at Ramnagar in Nainital District, and other parks like the Valley of Flowers National Park and Nanda Devi National Park in Chamoli District, Rajaji National Park in Haridwar District, and Govind Pashu Vihar National Park and Gangotri National Park in Uttarkashi District are major appealing destinations that generally draw people fascinated by the charm of wildlife and forest.

Rishikesh near Haridwar is known as the preeminent yoga centre of India, which along with Haridwar is an important Hindu pilgrimage, in addition Haridwar hosts the Kumbha Mela every twelve years, in which millions of pilgrims take part from all parts of the India. Furthermore, Hemkund nested in the Himalayas is considered to be of special significance to Sikh community in India.
The fresh air, the pure water, the chilling snow, the adversing mountains, the scenic beauty, the small villages, the simpler people and a tougher lifesytle is what that distinguishes Uttaranchal from rest of the world.

Rafting in Uttaranchal
Uttaranchal offers the broadest possible options for river rafting in the world, from milder river courses to wilder ones. Uttaranchal has in abundance rivers and terrains to suit all levels of river rafting. The challenge and thrill of flowing with the river and controlling yourself at the same time is the true thrilling experience.

Rafting in Garhwal:- The most popular stretch for rafting in Garhwal is between Kaudilya and Shivpuri. There are other stretches also including a variety of grades on rivers Alaknanda, Mandakini and Bhagirathi.
Rafting in Kumaon:- Rafting in Kumaon is no less exciting. Infact, it has long stretches of dangerous waters where only the experienced can make a move. River Kali Ganga, also known as Sharda in the lower reaches, enters India from Nepal. At Jauljibi when it meets River Gori, it is then that the real adventure begins. The river gains volume and for the next 117 kilometers it is a taxing run.
Rafting in Rishikesh:- Uttaranchal government organises river rafting courses at Kaudilya which is 38 kilometers from Rishikesh. They offer courses, equipment etc. They have trained professionals to teach you river rafting in Ganges.

Best Time for Rafting
The best time for river rafting if you have some hands on experience is during summer. It is at this time that water level rises due to melting of snow and the monsoons. For beginners, months of August and September are best as the water level is lower and manageable. Even springs and early summers can be considered for rafting. Rafting in winters is a complete no no because many a rivers are frozen, the climate is chilled and getting soaked means
inviting hypothermia.

Hill Station and Famous Places in Uttranchal
• Almora
• Dehradun
• Haldwani
• Haridwar
• Kashipur
• Champawat
• Bageshwar
• Kotdwara
• Mussoorie
• Nainital
• Pithoragarh
• Ramnagar
• Roorkee
• Rudrapur
• Rishikesh
• Srinagar
• Gairsen (Chamoli district)
• Gopeshwar(Chamoli district)

How to Reach Uttaranchal
By Road: Well-connected by an extensive network of roads, Dehradun has regular bus services to cities like Delhi, Mumbai, Chennai, Kolkata, Agra, Jaipur, and Lucknow. Renowned tourist places of Uttaranchal like Haridwar, Rishikesh, Kedarnath, Badrinath, and Rajaji National Park are also connected by road to Dehradun.

By Rail: An excellent rail network connects Uttranchal to other important cities like Delhi, Mussoorie, Mumbai, Varanasi, Lucknow, and Kolkata.

By Air: The state has its only airport in Jolly Grant, which is close to the state capital Dehradun. Nearly all public and private airlines operate regular flights to Dehradun.

Uttaranchal Map

Wizards of waverly place- The superb series

Selena Gomez plays the role of Alex Russo, one of the main lead in the series. She along with her siblings appears to be normal from outside, but they have certain powers with them. They all are Wizards in training and have got the power from their father, who has not used his powers after his marriage.

Star cast in Wizards of Waverly Place
• Selena Gomez – Alex Russo: a wizard in training, the middle child and only daughter in the Russo family
• David Henrie – Justin Russo: a wizard in training, the oldest child in the Russo family
• Jake T. Austin – Max Russo: a wizard in training, the youngest child in the Russo family
• David DeLuise – Jerry Russo: Justin, Alex, and Max’s father and former wizard, who teaches his children about magic
• Maria Canals-Barrera – Theresa Russo: Jerry’s wife and Justin, Alex, and Max’s mother. She isn’t a wizard, but knows about the magical world and power of her children
• Jennifer Stone – Harsichord “Harper” Finkle: Alex’s best friend who becomes aware of the Russo’s wizard powers after Alex tells her in the second season. She moves in with the Russo family in the third season.

Production
The series was created by Todd J. Greenwald, who began developing the show, after working as a writer and consulting producer during the first season Hannah Montana. And is produced by It’s a Laugh Productions, Inc. and Disney Channel Original Productions. Its premiere received 5.9 million viewers. The theme song, written by John Adair and Steve Hampton, is of techno-pop style and is performed by Selena Gomez. The series is filmed at Hollywood Center Studios in Hollywood, California.

List of Wizards of Waverly Place Seasons

Season 3: 2009-2010

Wizards of Waverly Place: The Movie
Wizards of Waverly Place: The Movie is a 2009 American film adaptation of American fantasy/teen sitcom Wizards of Waverly Place. A Disney Channel Original Movie based on the series, premiered on August 28, 2009 on Disney Channel. Wizards of Waverly Place: The Movie was filmed in Puerto Rico, Los Angeles and New York City and was filmed from February 16th-March 27th 2009. The movie received 11.4 million viewers on its premiere, making it Disney Channel’s second highest viewed movie.

Awards for Wizards of Waverly Place-The Series
• Primetime Emmys 2009 – Outstanding Children’s Program (Winner)
• Selena Gomez was nominated for “Outstanding Performance in a Youth/Children’s Program – Series or Special” at the 2009 NAACP Image Awards
• Selena Gomez won “Favorite TV Actress” of the 2009 Kids’ Choice Awards.
• Selena Gomez was nominated for “Best Actress – Television” at the 2008 Imagen Awards
• Maria Canals Barrera was nominated for ‘Special Achievement Comedy – Television- Actress’ at the 2009 Alma Awards
• Selena Gomez is nominated for ‘Best Actress – Television’ at the 2009 Imagen Awards.
• Selena Gomez was nominated for “Outstanding Female Performance in a Comedy Television Series” and Jake T. Austin was nominated for “Outstanding Male Performance in a Comedy Television Series” for the 2008 ALMA Awards.
• Selena Gomez won ‘Special Achievement Comedy – Television- Actress’ at the 2009 Alma Awards

Release and Viewership
The show Wizards of Waverly Place debuted on Disney Channel on October 12, 2007. In February 2009, the episode “Helping Hand” broke the record for the largest audience with a total of 5.9 million viewers. The show is broadcast on the following channels, in the following countries:

Content of the Book Kamasutra
The Mallanaga Vatsyayana’s Kama Sutra has 1250 verses, distributed in 36 chapters, which are further organized into 7 parts. According to both the Burton and Doniger translations, the contents of the book are structured into 7 parts like the following:
1. Introductory
2. On Sexual Union
3. About the Acquisition of a Wife
4. About a Wife
5. About the Wives of Other People
6. About Courtesans
7. On The Means of Attracting Others to One’s Self
The Kama sutra books are not only detailed with pictures in them, you will find that it also explains each position and will tell you and your partner how to get into these positions. Once you are looking through the book with your partner, you will both be ready to jump into trying out all of the positions. This is a great way to get out of the same ole same, ole in the bedroom and add some excitement as well as variety to your sex life.

Pleasure and spirituality
Some Indian philosophies follow the “four main goals of life”, known as the purusharthas:
Dharma: Virtuous living.
Artha: Material prosperity.
Kama: Aesthetic and erotic pleasure.
Moksha: Liberation.
Dharma, Artha and Kama are aims of everyday life, while Moksha is release from the cycle of death and rebirth. The Kama Sutra (Burton translation) says:
“Dharma is better than Artha, and Artha is better than Kama. But Artha should always be first practised by the king for the livelihood of men is to be obtained from it only. Again, Kama being the occupation of public women, they should prefer it to the other two, and these are exceptions to the general rule.”
In childhood, Vātsyāyana says, a person should learn how to make a living; youth is the time for pleasure, and as years pass one should concentrate on living virtuously and hope to escape the cycle of rebirth.
Also the Buddha preached a Kama Sutra, which is located in the Atthakavagga (sutra number 1). This Kama Sutra, however, is of a very different nature as it warns against the dangers that come with the search for pleasures of the senses.
Many in the Western world wrongly consider the Kama Sutra to be a manual for tantric sex. While sexual practices do exist within the very wide tradition of Hindu Tantra, the Kama Sutra is not a Tantric text, and does not touch upon any of the sexual rites associated with some forms of Tantric practice.

The Kamasutra Positions

The Turning Man

The Touching Embrace

The Tigress

The Scissors

The Rest of the Warrior

The Lower Union

The Lotus Position

The Germinated Seed

Suspended Congress

Splitting the Bamboo

Indrani Position

Congress and the Crow

Clasping Postion

Widely Opened Position

Widely Opened Position

Funny Kamasutra Position